Evening and Morning

It is sometimes asserted that a 'day' in scripture is always 24 hours. Is that so?

Joshua at Gibeon

Joshua's day at Gibeon exceeded 24 hours in length. It took "about a whole day" for the sun to travel from its meridian to sunset. Like the English word 'day,' this word can mean either the period of day-light, or the entire evening/morning cycle. Since there is no suggestion God also granted superhuman strength to these soldiers, 'day-light' seems likelier here. So in this case, either an interval normally lasting six hours lasted twelve instead, or else an additional twelve hours, the average length of day-light, was tacked on while the sun remained at its noon-day height ("in the midst of heaven"), for a total length of evening/morning of thirty-six hours. If the theory were true that all 'days' recorded in scripture must be twenty-four hours in length, this thirty-six hour interval could not be described as a 'day.' Yet it is so described: "And there has been no day like that, before it or after it..."

Sundial of Ahaz

If the theory were correct that a 'day' must be twenty-four hours, these two events would have thrown the whole system out of whack, and instead of beginning at evening, each day would begin in the middle of the night. Yet no such adjustment was made. Evidently the whole system is calibrated to the returning cycle of dark/light; it does not run by the clock. Notice also that these two remarkable days are not of like length with the day before, nor the day after.

A Thousand Years

These passages do not supply a 'translation table,' but warn against measuring God by our puny standard. God is higher than we can conceive: "For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are My ways higher than your ways, and My thoughts than your thoughts." (Isaiah 55:9):

"Behold, the nations are as a drop in a bucket,
And are counted as the small dust on the scales;
Look, He lifts up the isles as a very little thing.
And Lebanon is not sufficient to burn,
Nor its beasts sufficient for a burnt offering.
All nations before Him are as nothing,
And they are counted by Him less than nothing and worthless.
To whom then will you liken God?
Or what likeness will you compare to Him?" (Isaiah 40:15-18).

It is one of the oddities of life that many of the same people who are young earth creationists are also dispensational premillenialists when it comes to the end times. And it is normal for these people, who insist a 'day' is always and only twenty-four hours with reference to creation, to explain blandly that the end-times 'Day of the Lord' encompasses more than one thousand years:

“2 Peter 3:10–14. In earlier references to the day of the Lord, as in 1 Thessalonians 5, the period was described as beginning with the rapture and continuing through the tribulation period and ending at the end of the millennium. Here the whole picture is again revealed with emphasis on the final end of it: 'But the day of the Lord will come like a thief. The heavens will disappear with a roar; the elements will be destroyed by fire, and the earth and everything in it will be laid bare' (v. 10). This will occur not at the beginning but at the end of the day of the Lord, which will be the end of the millennial kingdom (Rev. 20:11; 21:1).”
(Walvoord, John F. (2011-09-01). Every Prophecy of the Bible: Clear Explanations for Uncertain Times (p. 497). David C. Cook.)

It is worth pointing out to these people that their procedure is inconsistent. While this is no more than an ad hominem argument, non-abusive, like answering a detractor of hunting with, 'But you eat meat,' in fact these people are on to something in realizing that a 'day' in scripture need not refer to a twenty-four hour period:

Deuteronomy 11:21 speaks of the "days of heaven:" "And you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates, that your days and the days of your children may be multiplied in the land of which the Lord swore to your fathers to give them, like the days of the heavens above the earth." (Deuteronomy 11:20-21); ("days of heaven" KJV) . What are the "days of heaven"? If all days are twenty-four hours long, what benefit could there be in this blessing? Why not say 'days of Podunk,' or 'days of Akron,' they'd be just as good?

The institution of the sabbath is modelled after God's activity, and rest, in creation. But scripture is so far from demanding that the six, or seventh, day be twenty-four hour periods, that it happily counts sabbaths of years, and weeks of years: "And you shall count seven sabbaths of years for yourself, seven times seven years; and the time of the seven sabbaths of years shall be to you forty-nine years. Then you shall cause the trumpet of the Jubilee to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month; on the Day of Atonement you shall make the trumpet to sound throughout all your land." (Leviticus 25:8-9). Using the sabbath to prove twenty-four hour days leaves the Sabbatical year and the Jubilee stranded above the water-line.

Realizing God's immensity and transcendence, it seems dubious that He sets His alarm clock like a farmer so He does not forget to do His chores. Why would He be bound by our time scale? Rather, He has ordained our little days to mimic His activity in creation.

Changing Times

God not only wrote the Bible, but created the astronomy that defines the Bible's 'day.' Had God intended the day to be a constant interval, He could have so constrained the laws of nature. But the observational day is not a constant interval; it changes throughout the year, and down through the ages of time:

"The basis of astronomical time systems is the Greenwich mean solar time, denoted by UT (Universal Time), sometimes also by GMT. The universal time obtained directly from observations is called UT0. If we correct this for changes of the meridian due to motions of the Earth's rotation axis (precession, nutation, motion of the pole), we get UT1. Even this is not accurate enough for modern time measurements. UT1 suffers from tiny irregularities caused by variations in the Earth's rotation rate. These variations have at least two periods, one year and half a year. Removing these effects we get UT2, which has relative errors of the order 10^-7. Even UT2 is not exact because of long-term changes in the Earth's rotation, such as slowing down due to tidal friction...The Earth's rotation rate has been slowing down so that since 1972, a leap second has been added nearly every year." (Fundamental Astronomy, H. Karttunen, P. Kroger et al, p. 39).

A second per year is a minute every sixty years, an hour in 3,600 years. No one has ever 'corrected' the computation of the sabbath for this phenomenon, because it's not the clock but darkness that starts the sabbath. The day that God created is not a fixed interval, but the continuing oscillation of dark and light.

Evidence of Beauty

Evening to Evening

The Jewish way of reckoning days: from evening to evening -- has the odd consequence that days are not exactly 24 hours long. From the time of the spring equinox to the summer solstice, the time of sun-down grows later as the night shrinks. Days measured from evening to evening during this period exceed 24 hours. From the autumnal equinox to the winter solstice, the night grows longer until it reaches its greatest extent, and the interval measured from evening to evening is smaller. Had it been important to God for days to be exactly 24 hours long, with nothing left over, He could have set the start-time for the day at an invariant point like midnight, as the Romans did, or noon-time. He did not, but at a variable point, evening.

The opening statement of the Bible says it all, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." (Genesis 1:1). This seems to be a summary statement of the great work to be unfolded in the subsequent paragraphs. Other theories have been propounded, like the once popular Scofield 'gap.' It does seem to me however to be an outline of the whole, as suggested in, "Our Sages have said (Yemen Midrash on Gen. i. 1), 'It is impossible to give a full account of the Creation to man. Therefore Scripture simply tells us, In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.' (Gen. i. 1)." (Moses Maimonides, Guide to the Perplexed, p. 8). To think of the work of creation, one should not be thinking small, but on a scale proportioned to the subject matter. The reason why some people insist on framing small and unworthy ideas of the event, is not because God presents us with small and unworthy ideas.

Cannot Lie

The same God who inspired the Bible also wrote the book of nature: ". . .for the book of nature, which we have to read, is written by the finger of God." (Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics, p. 471). He made and ordered all things created, He gave law and meaning to creation, the natural realm is His handiwork. "No sound minded man disputes any scientific fact. Religious men believe with Agassiz that facts are sacred. They are revelations from God." (Charles Hodge, What is Darwinism?, p. 78). Nature and revelation are two works by the same author, a two-volume set:

"Besides, there is this important fact that must not be forgotten, the God who is the Author of revelation, is also the Author of creation, and providence, and history, and everything else from which you ought to draw your illustrations. When you use natural history to illustrate the Scriptures, you are only explaining one of God’s books by another volume that He has written."
(Spurgeon, Charles H. (2010-05-18). Lectures to My Students (p. 406). Zondervan. Kindle Edition.)

Some readers claim nature is artificially 'distressed,' that God is like an unscrupulous antiques dealer who makes something look old when it is not. But according to the word, God "cannot lie."

"I love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting system, through which God speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in."
(George Washington Carver, Quotations on About.com)

We should read Genesis with the Bible in one hand and the book of nature in the other. At long last for our generation the second book is opening itself to clear the obscurities in the first; it is God's own commentary on Genesis. If, as some claim, God has testified dishonestly in the one, how can we trust His testimony in the other? Bible-believers who would see the evident blasphemy in the premise, 'You can't trust what God says in the Bible to be true, perhaps He is testing us,' nevertheless talk as if nature, His other masterwork, were an atheist fabrication. God made it; it is not falsified!

The two books not only do not conflict, but harmonize wonderfully. How long before the worldly thought of the 'Big Bang' did God's people know it all started with "Let there be light"!

Fourth Day

God created the sun on the fourth day of creation. The Bible does not say the sun, the "greater light," was created previously but only appeared on that day, but that God "made" them on that day.

Twenty-four hours is the period of the earth's rotation, turning toward and away from the sun's light. Before that luminary was lit, how could a 'day' have had reference to the sun's daily rising and setting? 'Darkness' and 'light,' prior to the fourth day, cannot have had any reference to the sun's daily routine and thus there is no reason to suppose this divinely ordained tag team counted out twenty-four hours.

Age-Old Hills

"The blessings of your father
Have excelled the blessings of my ancestors,
Up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills." (Genesis 49:26).

Only God is from age to age the same:

"Before the mountains were brought forth,
Or ever You had formed the earth and the world,
Even from everlasting to everlasting, You are God." (Psalm 90:2).

Some readers believe the Bible intends to communicate that the earth is young. They combine the six days of creation, which they tally at 24 hours apiece, with 40 years per generation (so that the woman Jesus identified as "daughter of Abraham" (Luke 13:16) is presumed to be forty years younger than her ancestor), to arrive at an age for the earth in the thousands of years. The Bible, however, does not say that the earth is young. Rather the Bible uses a word that means 'ancient' or 'age-old' to describe the hills:

"...With the best things of the ancient mountains,
With the precious things of the everlasting hills..." (Deuteronomy 33:15).

If the earth's age were not a substantial multiple of the average human life-span, calling the hills 'age-old' might seem excessive. Of course age is relative; what seems a long time to a may-fly might seem brief to an elephant. Still, if some readers insist the Bible means to say that the earth is young, the fact remains that the Bible does not say the earth is young, but age-old:

"One generation passes away, and another generation comes;
But the earth abides forever...
Is there anything of which it may be said,
“See, this is new”?
It has already been in ancient times before us." (Ecclesiastes 1:4-11).

"He stood and measured the earth;
He looked and startled the nations.
And the everlasting mountains were scattered,
The perpetual hills bowed.
His ways are everlasting." (Habakkuk 3:6).

A Generation

David Friedrich Strauss, the pioneer Bible critic, thought he had hit pay-dirt:

"Many discrepancies are found in the second division from David to Zorobabel and his son, as well as in the beginning of the third. Firstly, it is said v. 8 Joram begat Ozias; whereas we know from 1 Chron. iii. 11, 12, that Uzziah was not the son, but the grandson of the son of Joram, and that three kings occur between them, namely, Ahaziah, Joash, and Amaziah, after whom comes Uzziah (2 Chron. xxvi. 1, or as he is called1 Chron. iii. 12, and 2 Kings xiv. 21, Azariah). . .But the first discrepancy we have adduced, namely, the omission of three known kings, is not so easily to be set aside."
(Strauss, David Friedrich; Eliot, George (2014-02-07). The life of Jesus critically examined (Kindle Locations 2696-2715).)

A Bible error! But given that 'Bible errors' of this stamp are a dime a dozen, perhaps only a convention. Bible genealogies, like genealogies in the ancient world generally, will often skip a generation, several generations, or more. They are not intended as chronologies, but as a record of descent and relation. If God had intended to communicate the age of the earth in the Bible, then why not simply say, 'This happened two thousand years ago,' or whenever? This information is not given. Yet some people think they can outsmart God and tease the information out of the Bible genealogies. This 'calendar' misfires because of sequences like Matthew 1:8:

"And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;. . ." (Matthew 1:8).

Very straight-forward; but an interpreter who concludes Joram was the father of Uzziah and counts forty years between falls into error:

"And Joram begat Ozias; called Uzziah, 2 Chronicles 26:1 and Azariah, 2 Kings 15:1. He was not the immediate son of Joram; there were three kings between them, Ahaziah, Joash, and Amaziah, which are here omitted; either because of the curse denounced on Ahab's family, into which Joram married, whose idolatry was punished to the third or fourth generation; or because these were princes of no good character; or because their names were not in the Jewish registers. Nor does this omission at all affect the design of the Evangelist, which is to show that Jesus, the true Messiah, is of the house of David; nor ought the Jews to complain of it, as they do since such omissions are to be met with in the Old Testament, particularly in Ezra 7:2 where six generations are omitted at once. . ." (John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible).

Descent is the issue, not each link in the chain; these may be omitted: "Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord, as his father David had done." (2 Chronicles 28:1). His father David? His ancestor David. A list of names in a genealogy could indeed be used as a dating device, were it known of a certainty that there are no gaps. Knowing this, we might then posit that each named figure was 40 years old, more or less, when he fathered the next, unless the age at fatherhood is stated explicitly. Let's try this approach as provided by Moses' genealogy: "And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven years. . .And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty and three years. . .And Amram took him Jochebed his father’s sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were an hundred and thirty and seven years." (Exodus 6:16:20). There are three generations between Levi and Moses, so using our handy-dandy time scale gives us 120 years for the Israelite sojourn in Egypt. Yet that is wrong; it was 430 years (Exodus 12:40). Our time scale is 'off,' by a factor of four. The Bible author intends to establish that Moses is of the tribe of Levi, and that his father was Amram; the intermediate links do not interest him. Likewise with his mother Jochebed: "And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a daughter of Levi." (Exodus 2:1). She was Levi's grand-daughter. This is an 'error' only if you misread the idiom.

Benedict de Spinoza is another great promoter of Bible 'errors,' and for him as for his peers, the genealogies of the Bible are a productive quarry:

"For, without going back to the precise words of the text, we may see that the genealogy of David given at the end of the book of Ruth, and I Chron. ii., scarcely accounts for so great a number of years. . .Now this Salmon, according to the genealogy, was David's great-grandfather. Deducting, then, from the total of 480 years, four years for Solomon's reign, seventy for David's life, and forty for the time passed in the desert, we find that David was born 366 years after the passage of the Jordan. Hence we must believe that David's father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather begat children when they were ninety years old."
(Spinoza, Benedict de. The Works of Benedict de Spinoza (Kindle Locations 8078-8081). Theologico-Political Treatise, Part II.)

You would think at some point the detractors would notice this is a regularity, not an anomaly; the Bible writers often do give the high-lights, focusing on the main points of the structure, rather than tracing down the skeleton to the last joint. They did not intend to list every intermediate link in the genealogy. If taken as intended to be exhaustive, their lists will therefore not quite cover the ground. But they are not intended to be exhaustive.

The apocryphal Book of Jubilees gives us the blessing of Abraham upon his "son" Jacob: "Fear not, my son Jacob, and be not dismayed, O son of Abraham: May the Most High God preserve thee from destruction, and from all the paths of error may he deliver thee." (The Book of Jubilees, Chapter 22, Section 23). His "son"? Grandson! Isaac was Abraham's son. This happens all the time with Bible genealogies and with ancient genealogies generally; they intend to establish descent and relation, they were never intended for use to establish the time interval between generations.

Corporate Personality

“Besides it is admitted, that the usual method of calculation founded on the genealogical tables is very uncertain. The design of those tables is not to give the regular succession of births in a given line , but simply to mark the descent. This is just as well done if three, four, or more generations be omitted , as if the whole list were complete. That this is the plan on which these genealogical tables are constructed is an admitted fact. 'Thus in Genesis 46: 18 , after recording the sons of Zilpah, her grandsons and her great-grandsons, the writer adds, ‘These are the sons of Zilpah…. and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls.’ The same thing recurs in the case of Bilhah, verse 25, ‘she bare these unto Jacob: all the souls were seven.’ Compare, verses 15, 22. No one can pretend that the author of this register did not use the term understandingly of descendants beyond the first generation. . .Nothing can be plainer, therefore, than that in the usage of the Bible, ‘to bear’ and ‘to beget ’ are used in a wide sense to indicate descent , without restricting this to the immediate offspring.'”

(Hodge, Charles. Systematic Theology: The Complete Three Volumes (Kindle Locations 12729-127358). GLH Publishing.)

How many times is Jesus of Nazareth called the "son of David" in the New Testament? And so He is; but the chronologist who counts forty years between David and Jesus had wandered far from the truth. Old earth creation offers the best fit between what is observed and the Bible, and does not make unverifiable leaps by using descent as a stop-watch.

The calculation that resulted in a six-thousand-year-old earth was regarded as so solid and reliable that it used to be inserted in the margin of many printed Bibles. But on what is it based? Upon leaps in the air. "Distortions and contrivances abound as some scholars have manipulated the Bible into pronouncements as farfetched as specifying the age of the earth." (Ravi Zacharias, The Real Face of Atheism, Kindle location 1418). To arrive at this number, the calculator must make all manner of unwarranted assumptions which cannot themselves be verified from the Bible. It is one of those Bible interpretations, like for instance interpreting Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 of Satan's pre-mundane fall, which those who subscribe to them can teach to a willing student, but cannot argue a skeptic into believing. Once tradition withdraws its sanction, they are left hanging in the air.

Sparrow's Fall

Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as chance; there is no falling sparrow outside God's domain. The hallmark of God's creation is the superabundance of order there is in the world. Those who look for order, find it. But those who look for order amongst living things, searching out a 'periodic table' of the animals, are laughed at by those intent on assigning causality to what is not.

Some in the modern world have revived the old Epicurean paradigm of a world brought about by chance and selection. This is not a testable scientific hypothesis, but a global explanation of everything, which some find satisfying. Chance cannot be a cause, because it is not anything. There must be an equal degree of reality in the cause as in the effect; an unreal cause cannot bring about a real result. Explaining everything by resorting to nothing is unsound.

Say What?

These pictures show the cataclysmic event which brought the evening or night-fall of the sixth day, the onset of the 'nuclear winter' which closed the epoch of the birds a.k.a. dinosaurs. Prior to Darwin, people traced mass extinctions to cataclysms. Then Darwin explained there were no cataclysms, it all happened 'gradually.' People have quietly dropped that and gone back to cataclysms. A comet has ever been a portent of doom, and so it was for the dinosaurs.

Intelligent Design

It's a long-standing idea that change happens gradually: "One tenet of geology, first articulated in the nineteenth century and followed assiduously ever since, is that 'the present is the key to the past.' This is what's known as 'uniformitarianism.' It's the idea that we can understand earth history by appealling to geological processes that we see in operation on the planet's surface today. . .'Uniformitarianism is completely wrong,' said Peter Ward. 'It's totally wrong. It misleads us. You can't use the present as the key to the past because there were times in the past that were so radically different we can't even conceptualize them.'" (The Ends of the World, Peter Brannen, pp. 122-135). But even wordly people no longer believe in uniformitarianism. Incidentally, it doesn't seem like it works on Mars any better than it does on Earth: "Yet the Red Planet underwent the climatic equivalent of a sudden death." (The Search for Life on Mars, Elizabeth Howell. p. 76).

It is sometimes suggested by young-earth creationists that animals cannot have died before Adam's fall, that they must have been created immortal, as was man, for whom death is indeed a self-inflicted wound. But scripture throughout chides man for dying like the beasts:

"Nevertheless man, though in honor, does not remain; he is like the beasts that perish." (Psalm 49:12).

If man brought death to the blameless beasts, why is death pre-eminently their characteristic, rather than man's?

Witnesses

The early church authors held a variety of perspectives on the opening chapters of Genesis vis-a-vis the question of a 'young earth' versus 'old earth.' One who was open to 'old earth' thinking was Irenaeus, who in investigating the day that Adam ate/died, raises the possibility of a "day of creation" being a thousand years in length:

“For at the beginning, when God had given to man a variety of things for food, while He commanded him not to eat of one tree only, as the Scripture tells us that God said to Adam: “From every tree which is in the garden thou shalt eat food; but from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, from this ye shall not eat: for in the day that ye shall eat of it, ye shall die by death;” he then, lying against the Lord, tempted man, as the Scripture says that the serpent said to the woman: “Has God indeed said this, Ye shall not eat from every tree of the garden?”. . .Thus, then, in the day that they did eat, in the same did they die, and became death’s debtors, since it was one day of the creation. For it is said, “There was made in the evening, and there was made in the morning, one day.” Now in this same day that they did eat, in that also did they die. . .And there are some, again, who relegate the death of Adam to the thousandth year; for since “a day of the Lord is as a thousand years,” he did not overstep the thousand years, but died within them, thus bearing out the sentence of his sin. Whether, therefore, with respect to disobedience, which is death; whether [we consider] that, on account of that, they were delivered over to death, and made debtors to it; whether with respect to [the fact that on] one and the same day on which they ate they also died (for it is one day of the creation); whether [we regard this point], that, with respect to this cycle of days, they died on the day in which they did also eat, that is, the day] of the preparation, which is termed “the pure supper,” that is, the sixth day of the feast, which the Lord also exhibited when He suffered on that day; or whether [we reflect] that he (Adam) did not overstep the thousand years, but died within their limit, — it follows that, in regard to all these significations, God is indeed true.” (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book Five, Chapter 23, 1-2, pp. 1104-1106, ANF_01).

Philo Judaeus, a first century non-Christian Jewish writer, did not believe the six days of creation were twenty-four hour days:

"'And on the sixth day God finished his work which he had made.' It would be a sign of great simplicity to think that the world was created in six days, or indeed at all in time; because all time is only the space of days and nights, and these things the motion of the sun as he passes over the earth and under the earth does necessarily make. But the sun is a portion of heaven, so that one must confess that time is a thing posterior to the world. Therefore it would be correctly said that the world was not created in time, but that time had its existence in consequence of the world. For it is the motion of the heaven that has displayed the nature of time." (Philo Judaeus, The Allegories of the Sacred Laws, After the Work of the Six Days of Creation. Book I, Chapter II)

However, Philo's own allegorical interpretation is not credible either.